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Golf is a sport, with a long tradition back. It is given a ball with as few strokes on a hole to play, with several golf clubs used. A round of golf usually consists of 18 fairways, successively on a golf course. A long time this was done in Scotland developed primarily as a golf elitist and expensive pastime views, now it has developed in many countries is a popular sport. The number of players worldwide to 50 million.

History
Emperor Xuande Emperor in a kind of golf game in China (ca. 1425-1435)

Generally, the Scots as the inventor of the Gulf, but there are also a number of other theories of the origin in continental Europe. Frequently mentioned are Holland (1297: Colf in Loenan ann de Vecht), France (Chole to 1200, a figure in a hole in puttenden Golfers Hours of Adelaïde of Savoy to 1450) and Brussels (1360: Ban on Colven). In the Cathedral of Gloucester, there is a glass window from 1340, show a golfer. [1] But even in ancient Egypt, ancient Rome (paganica) and in early Japan, Korea (tagu, from 1400) and China (chuiwan , From about 1000 [2]) are references to a game with ball and flippers.

It is therefore controversial, to what extent, you still have predecessors put (which then also hockey, croquet, baseball or billiards developed) and when actually spoken of golf. Ultimately depend on the criteria that are considered essential for golf. For example, it is only since Pieter van Afferdens Latin textbook from 1545 guaranteed doubt that when you run the golf beat the player not to be disturbed by the opponents. The earliest Scottish documents could therefore even a sport, while "Golf" was, but her character more of an interactive game was fight.

In contrast, however, the fact that all morning or early in the game only the Scottish variant to this day. All other forms disappeared sometime or developed in a different direction - for example, was Colf from the indoor game Kolf or Kolven. The usual golf game today was not British in all countries until the 19th or 20th Century introduced or re-imported.

15th Century

The first written testimony of golf in today's spelling dates back to 1457, when the Scottish Parliament with King James II as the driving force "fut ye ye golf ball and are prohibited on the grounds that it draw from the practice of archery. The spell is used by the kings James III. (1471) and James IV (1491) once again reaffirmed. He covered the 1502 final peace between Scotland and England to victims of the paramilitary exercises of the population no longer seem appropriate. Soon afterwards, announced that James IV himself playing golf as an invoice prepared for him golf clubs in the official budget of the Court appeared.

16th Century

Because of the royal support of King Charles I is spreading in the 16th Gulf Century across Britain. The first Civil golfer finds mention 1527, a certain Sir Robert Maule will be on the Barry links in the vicinity of the modern Carnoustie played. The first reference to golf in St Andrews is from 1552, in the following year the Archbishop adopt a decree by the local population the game on the links. As a result, Mary Stuart sport in France. She is also from the year 1567 survived that immediately after the assassination of her husband plays golf, for which they generally criticized.

17th Century

The first golf club manufacturer is documented in 1603, when William Mayne of King James VI to the "Royal Club Maker is appointed. The Featherie ", a leather stuffed with feathers ball, 1618 comes into play. The first mention of golf in America is a ban on playing in the streets of Albany, New York, from the year 1659. The first international match will take place in Leith 1682, when Scotland (represented by the Duke of York and John Paterson) ungenanntes English duo defeated. In this context, it is also the first known caddie, Andrew Dickson, the racket of the Duke of York. 1691 St Andrews is in a private letter as "Metropolis of golfing".

18th Century

1735 with the Royal Burgess Golf Society of the first golf club, with the source material here controversial. The first export of golf to America is survived by 1743. In 1744 Leith build the Gentlemen Golfers of Leith, which is also the first formal rules of golf any more. Later, they are still existing Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. As the oldest Golf Club, which continuously existed on the same site, founded in 1754, the Society of St. Andrews Golfers, later renamed the Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews. The Zählspiel, 1759 in St Andrews the first time mentioned earlier, there was only the form of hole game. 1764, the 18-hole round. Royal Blackheath, near London, 1766 is the first golf club outside Scotland and 1768 in Leith is the first clubhouse was opened.
Golf park in Bad Homburg to 1903
Golf park in Bad Homburg to 1903

19th Century

The first documented women's tournament 1810 in Musselburgh (10 miles east of Edinburgh) held, 1867 constituted the first Women's Golf Club in St Andrews. Outside the British main island of 1820 is the first club founded in Bangalore, starts 1856 in continental Europe Pau. The hickory shaft is from 1826 against other types of wood, steel, the 1891 property on the market. From 1848, the Featherie by flying more and cheaper manufactured replaced gutta-percha ball, which in turn for the same reasons the 1898 Haskell ball, a hard rubber core wrapped soft. The Open Championship, the oldest, still played tournament, is celebrating its premiere in 1860 at Prestwick. Young Tom Morris succeeds in 1867 established the first Hole in One. 1892 constituted with the Darmstadt Golf Club the first club in Germany; British patients already played in the park since 1889 Bad Homburg, a group of German young people to Philipp Heineken from 1890 in the Neckar floodplain in Cannstatt [3]. The founding of the USGA falls into the year 1894, after the counting is Stableford 1898 invented and patented the Holztee 1899.

20th Century

Golf is playing in the 1900 and 1904 Olympic sport. 1902 appear grooves on the blade, 1905 Dimples on the golf ball, but 1910 will be the center-shafted putter and 1911 the Stahlschäfte from R & A back from the game. The German Golf Association takes its business in 1907. With the PGA of America in 1916 constituted the first representation of the interests of professional golfers. Stahlschäfte are everywhere again from 1929 approved and finally oust the Hickory Shafts. The ceiling of 14 clubs per player and 1938 first round. R & A and USGA 1951 to agree a common set of rules, while Stymies abolished and center-shafted putter again. In 1963 the rubber grip experience (before leather) and cast iron (previously forged) her debut, 1969 follow the graphite and cavity-back irons. So far, only two golf shots on the moon by the astronauts Alan Shepard in 1971. The first driver heads made of metal, 1979, and oust the wood from Persimmon. Titanium is used as material for wood in 1994 in the American market and is in the series.

Rules
Clubhouse of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in front of the famous Old Course

The first written rules date from the year 1744 by the Gentlemen Golfers of Leith. The modern golf rules, however, have their origin in 1754 founded the Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (R & A). Today they will jointly by R & A and USGA issued. The current version applies from 1 January 2008 until the end of 2011 and introduced a series of changes, mainly to clarify and unify.

A special feature in the Gulf is very large and largely course of imposing playing field (the so-called golf course) so that the rules a variety of possible situations cover. For this reason, the rules extensive than that of most other sports, and also occasionally experienced players are uncertain of their rule in a particular case.

Each national Golf Association (in Germany the DGV) to that end, a commission of experts to the disputed rules questions answered, if the facts clearly for keeps. If this is not the case, it is ultimately the R & A and the USGA to a so-called "Decision" asked, an official rule interpretation. As the golf rules themselves are also published Decisions (on more than 800 pages), but they have a relatively limited practical relevance, since they are mainly special cases.

The goal of the game
Greg Norman at the tee: shortly after the meeting moment

There is a ball (at least 42.67 mm in diameter, weighing up to 45.93 grams) with a few blows from a golf tee as a designated area in accordance with the rules of golf into a 10.8 cm durchmessendes and usually several hundred meters away , Circular hole to play. The playing field, the so-called golf course, includes the regulation 18 holes, a total of over 7,000 meters long.

Can the regular ball is not played (for example, because he no longer found in a pond or sunken), golf rules, the specific ways of resuming before, but usually under allocation of Strafschlägen. The sum of strokes until the ball Einlochen (Gulf + Penalty Strokes), is called Score and Score on a pre-slip, the so-called Scorecard notes.

Par

For each hole (also known as "hole") is a so-called Par. This value is the number of strokes, a very good player (Scratch golfers) need to make the ball from the tee into the hole to play. In calculating the Par for a golf course is always assumed that two putts on the green running. This comes a certain number of shots for the game from the tee to the green. This number varies with the length of the hole, not with its difficulty, in addition Bunker, hills, water, etc. is given as a separate course and slope rating is given.

If the ball is a player with "Par minus 2" shots on the green, then one speaks of a "green in regulation. An 18-hole course has four par often-3 holes, ten par 4 and four par 5. The result is usually a par of 72 for the entire round. With 9-hole courses halve these figures accordingly, with just below the 9-hole short courses many places, mainly from the par-3 holes.

The following names have opted for the various possible scores on a hole established:
Forms, Zählweisen, Handicap

Main item: Golf games

There are two basic forms for games, namely Basic and hole game, each some variations exist. When it comes to the score achieved in comparison to the rest of the participants field. Since there is no direct opponents, it also often from the game against the square. Anders hole in the game, here is a specific opponent to beat by winning more holes (ie each hole with a lower final score) than this.

For both forms, there are again two Zählweisen, namely gross (actually played the score is essential) and net (played the score will be adjusted to compensate for the varying strength of the participants to create). Thus arises from the gross tableau of the absolutely best golfers and the Nettozählweise identified the relatively best players, so in comparison to his personal strength was most successful.

A widespread in Germany variant of the Zählspiel to Stableford. Using this form will also be handicap in the German Golf Association (DGV) organised golfers. The handicap is to what factor actually played the score with a net adjusted scoring and is an exciting competition between opponents of different skill level. In other countries, the handicaps of the local golf associations in part to other methods, as far as is sometimes only a very rough comparability. Everywhere in the world is but a bogey golfers "an advanced amateur understood, on average, at a stroke on par einlocht, where the" scratch golfer "to play around par and at least by the strength of her game as a professional. A golf beginners is commonly referred to as "Rabbit" (rabbit).

Start guns

When the guns start, participants at all fairways of the place and distributed simultaneously start the betting. The start time is determined by a certain time or by a general wahrzunehmendes acoustic noise ( "gun").